Bears
Ursus maritimus
Description
White fur; black nose pad, lips, and eyes. Very small ears. Long neck. Relatively long legs. Male considerably larger than female. Ht about 4' (120 cm); L 7-11' (213-335 cm); T 3 1/8-5 1/8" (8-13 cm); HF 13" (33 cm); Wt 925-1,100 lb (420-500 kg).
Warning
All North American bears can be dangerous in the following situations: when accompanied by cubs, when surprised by the sudden appearance of humans, when approached while feeding, guarding a kill, fishing, hungry, injured, or breeding, and when familiarity has diminished their fear of humans. There have been several recorded cases of Polar Bears attacking humans.
Breeding
Mates April-May every other year (sometimes every third year); litter of 1-4 (usually 2) young born November-January in winter den, or in excavation in snowbank, ice ridge, or hillside. Birth weight about 2 lb (900 g).Sign
Feeding signs: Partly eaten seal carcass, with no blubber remaining. Wheeling, calling gulls sometimes mark location of carcass, as may Arctic Foxes or their tracks in association with bear tracks. Scat: Large, dark, cylindrical, like that of big Grizzly Bear. Tracks: Similar to those of Grizzly, but rounder and blurred by hair. Hindprint 12-13" (305-330 mm) long, usually at least 9" (230 mm) wide. Claws, though sharp enough to grip ice or slippery snow when the bear runs, are short and seldom leave marks in front of prints. Any bear track on an ice floe is that of a Polar Bear.
Habitat
Broken ice packs at northern edge of continent, near North Pole; seldom far inland.Range
Extreme n Canada and Alaska and Arctic Islands.Discussion
Unlike Black and Grizzly bears, which are primarily nocturnal, the Polar Bear may be active at any time of the day or year, searching for prey on long summer days and sometimes on long winter nights. Adaptations to its Arctic habitat include its fur color, which blends with the snowy environment and so provides useful camouflage for capturing prey; its large size, which helps maintain body temperature by reducing surface-heat loss; and its furred feet, which insulate against cold and provide traction on icy surfaces. Because the hairs of its waterproof coat are hollow, they are especially insulating and increase the bear's buoyancy when swimming. An excellent swimmer, it paddles at about 6 1/2 mph (10 km/h) with the front feet only, hindfeet trailing-a trait unique among four-footed land animals-and can remain submerged for about two minutes. While swimming or treading water, it
stretches its long neck for a better view, as it does on land. Owing
to the scarcity of plants in its icy habitat, the Polar Bear is the
most carnivorous North American bear, with canine teeth larger and
molariform teeth sharper than those of other bears. An acute sense
of smell enables the Polar Bear to locate prey even when it is
hidden by snow drifts or ice. It stalks young seals and Walruses,
and sometimes adult seals, often by swimming underwater to their ice
floes. While hair seals are its staple, it also feeds on fish,
birds, bird eggs, small mammals, dead animals (including whales),
shellfish, crabs, starfish, and mushrooms, grasses, berries, and
algae, when available. The Polar Bear hollows out a winter den in a
protected snowbank, where it retires in a lethargic condition.
Females den from November to March, during which time they give
birth. Males den for much shorter periods, usually from late
November to late January, but may be abroad occasionally at any time
of the year. Cubs remain with their mother about a year and a half,
denning with her the winter after their birth. The lowlands of
Hudson Bay and James Bay, one of the world's largest denning areas
for Polar Bears, is the only known region where Polar Bears den in
earth rather than in snow. They excavate caves in lake and stream
banks and peat hummocks by digging down to the permafrost. This area
is unusually far south for the species, and it is believed that they
use the permafrost dens again in summer to cool off. No large
denning areas have yet been found in Alaska; some Polar Bears in
that region may winter in Siberia, drifting across to Alaska on ice
floes in spring. Polar Bears are a source of food and hides for
Native Americans.